=  NOW 35 WPM  =  TEXT IS FROM JULY 2023  QST  PAGE 92 =

THE WORLD ABOVE 50 MHZ THE IMPORTANCE OF SPORADIC E DURING SOLAR CYCLE
PEAKS SPORADIC E IS AN IMPORTANT PROPAGATION MODE ON 6 METERS, EVEN WITH F
LAYER MAGIC AT A STRONG SOLAR CYCLE PEAK.  FOR THOUSANDS OF KILOMETERS, YOU
CAN WORK SUMMER DX WITH MULTI HOP SPORADIC E, AND ES CAN LINK TO F REGION
PROPAGATION.  FRANK DONOVAN, W3LPL, DISCUSSES THIS IN EXPERIENCE THE
WONDERS OF SOLAR CYCLE 25S SOLAR MAXIMUM IN THE MAY 2023 ISSUE OF QST.
MOST F REGION PROPAGATION ON 50 MHZ TAKES PLACE CLOSER TO THE GEOMAGNETIC
EQUATOR, EVEN WITH HIGH SOLAR FLUX.  IN NORTH AMERICA, THIS TYPICALLY
LIMITS TEP NORTH TO THE GULF COAST STATES AND SOUTHWEST TO THE DESERT.  THE
NORTHERN BOUNDARY OF TEP IS OFTEN FARTHER SOUTH, AROUND HAITI AND THE
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC TOO FAR AWAY FOR MOST OF THE CONTINENTAL US AND CANADA
TO REACH, UNLESS THERE IS A GEOMAGNETIC STORM.  SPORADIC E CAN ALIGN WITH
TEP SOME TYPICAL EXAMPLES ARE WHEN SPORADIC E FROM THE MIDWEST STATES LINK
TO TEP TOWARD SOUTH AMERICA, OR WHEN ES LINKS TO THE SOUTH ATLANTIC AND
SOUTH PACIFIC.  THESE INSTANCES ARE MOST COMMON FOR NORTH AMERICA DURING
EARLY MAY.  THE BEST TIMES OF DAY FOR ES LINKS TO SOUTH AMERICA AND THE
SOUTH PACIFIC ARE THE AFTERNOON AND EARLY EVENING.  AS SPORADIC E OCCURS
MUCH LESS FREQUENTLY DURING THE FALL AND WINTER MONTHS IN NORTH AMERICA,
TEP LINKS ARE ALSO RARER.  IN HIS ARTICLE, FRANK NOTED ES LINKS FROM THE
=  END OF 35 WPM TEXT  =  QST DE W1AW  <